Abstract Abstracts of scientific papers are sometimes poorly written, often lack important information, and occasionally convey a biased picture. Keywords: Abstract, preparing a manuscript, writing skills. Table 1 General qualities of a good abstract. Open in a separate window. Background This section should be the shortest part of the abstract and should very briefly outline the following information: What is already known about the subject, related to the paper in question What is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine or what the paper seeks to present In most cases, the background can be framed in just 2—3 sentences, with each sentence describing a different aspect of the information referred to above; sometimes, even a single sentence may suffice.
Table 2 Examples of the background section of an abstract. Methods The methods section is usually the second-longest section in the abstract. Table 3 Questions regarding which information should ideally be available in the methods section of an abstract. Table 4 Examples of the methods section of an abstract. Results The results section is the most important part of the abstract and nothing should compromise its range and quality. Table 5 Information that the results section of the abstract should ideally present.
Table 6 Examples of the results section of an abstract. Thus, the conclusions may contain three elements: The primary take-home message The additional findings of importance The perspective Despite its necessary brevity, this section has the most impact on the average reader because readers generally trust authors and take their assertions at face value.
Table 7 Examples of the conclusions section of an abstract. Table 8 Examples of unnecessary content in a abstract. Andrade C, Mendhekar DN. Lithium, trifluperazine, and idiopathic leucopenia: Author and reviewer perspectives on how to write a good case report.
Andrade C. A 6-week, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of placeboxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of major depressive disorder in an Indian setting.
Placeboxetine for major depressive disorder: Researcher, author, reader, and reviewer perspectives on randomized controlled trials. Andrade C, Radhakrishnan R. Prayer and healing: A medical and scientific perspective on randomized controlled trials.
The safety and efficacy of benzodiazepine-modified treatments as a special form of unmodified ECT. J ECT. Melatonin in medically ill patients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
J Clin Psychiatry. Testing logical memory using a complex passage: Development and standardization of a new test. Personality profile of urban, female college students. Indian J Psychol Med. This paper analyzes how novices and experts can safely adapt and transfer their skills to new technology in the medical domain.
To answer this question, we compared the performance of 12 novices medical students with the performance of 12 laparoscopic surgeons using a 2D view and 4 robotic surgeons, using a new robotic system that allows 2D and 3D view. Our results showed a trivial effect of expertise surgeons generally performed better than novices. Results also revealed that experts have adaptive transfer capacities and are able to transfer their skills independently of the human-machine system. The abstract provides a statement of what the paper will ask or explore rather than what it found:.
X This report examines the causes of oversleeping. What did it find out about these causes? X The study draws conclusions about which variables are most important in choosing a movie theater. What, specifically, are these variables? Agree Decline Non-Essential Cookies. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.
Wald, Ellen R. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and Patients were examined on day Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned.
The mean age was months. This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels. Incorporating Interview Data. Additional Resources for Grants and Proposal Writing. Writing Personal Statements for Ph. Planning and Writing Research Papers. Writing Annotated Bibliographies.
Creating Poster Presentations. Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper. Writing a Review of Literature. U niversity of W isconsin —Madison. Definition and Purpose of Abstracts An abstract is a short summary of your published or unpublished research paper, usually about a paragraph c. Note that statistical findings should be reported parenthetically [i. Before handing in your final paper, check to make sure that the information in the abstract completely agrees with what you have written in the paper.
Think of the abstract as a sequential set of complete sentences describing the most crucial information using the fewest necessary words. Writing Center. University of Kansas; Abstract. Department of Biology. Bates College; Abstracts. The Abstract. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Riordan, Laura. Purdue University; Writing Abstracts.
Indiana University; Koltay, Tibor. Never Cite Just the Abstract! Citing to just a journal article's abstract does not confirm for the reader that you have conducted a thorough or reliable review of the literature. If the full-text is not available, go to the USC Libraries main page and enter the title of the article [NOT the title of the journal]. If the Libraries have a subscription to the journal, the article should appear with a link to the full-text or to the journal publisher page where you can get the article.
If you still can't find the article after doing this, contact a librarian or you can request it from our free i nterlibrary loan and document delivery service. Search this Guide Search. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper Offers detailed guidance on how to develop, organize, and write a college-level research paper in the social and behavioral sciences.
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